IT IS SOMETIMES said that existentialism is more of a mood than a philosophy, and that it can be traced back to anguished novelists of the nineteenth century, and beyond that to Blaise Pascal, who was terrified by the silence of infinite spaces, and beyond that to the soul-searching St Augustine, and beyond that to the Old Testament’s weary Ecclesiastes and to Job, the man who dared to question the game God was playing with him and was intimidated into submission. To anyone, in short, who has ever felt disgruntled, rebellious, or alienated about anything. - P140

But one can go the other way, and narrow the birth of modern existentialism down to a moment near the turn of 1932–3, when three young philosophers were sitting in the Bec-de-Gaz bar on the rue du Montparnasse in Paris, catching up on gossip and drinking the house speciality, apricot cocktails. - P140

They set aside most of what had kept philosophy going since Plato: puzzles about whether things are real or how we can know anything for certain about them. Instead, they pointed out that any philosopher who asks these questions is already thrown into a world filled with things – or, at least, filled with the appearances of things, or ‘phenomena’ (from the Greek word meaning ‘things that appear’). So why not concentrate on the encounter with phenomena and ignore the rest? The old puzzles need not be ruled out forever, but they can be put in brackets, as it were, so that philosophers can deal with more down-to-earth matters. - P158


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The first step had been a secret, involuntary thought, the second had been the opening of the diary. He had moved from thoughts to words, and now from words to actions. The last step was something that would happen in the Ministry of Love. He had accepted it. The end was contained in the beginning. But it was frightening: or, more exactly, it was like a foretaste of death, like being a little less alive. Even while he was speaking to O’Brien, when the meaning of the words had sunk in, a chilly shuddering feeling had taken possession of his body. He had the sensation of stepping into the dampness of a grave, and it was not much better because he had always known that the grave was there and waiting for him. - P132

It had all occurred inside the glass paperweight, but the surface of the glass was the dome of the sky, and inside the dome everything was flooded with clear soft light in which one could see into interminable distances. - P132

The proles, it suddenly occurred to him, had remained in this condition. They were not loyal to a party or a country or an idea, they were loyal to one another. For the first time in his life he did not despise the proles or think of them merely as an inert force which would one day spring to life and regenerate the world. The proles had stayed human. They had not become hardened inside. They had held on to the primitive emotions which he himself had to relearn by conscious effort. - P136

"The proles are human beings," he said aloud. "We are not human." - P137

‘I don’t mean confessing. Confession is not betrayal. What you say or do doesn’t matter: only feelings matter. If they could make me stop loving you—that would be the real betrayal.’ - P137

But if the object was not to stay alive but to stay human, what difference did it ultimately make? They could not alter your feelings: for that matter you could not alter them yourself, even if you wanted to. They could lay bare in the utmost detail everything that you had done or said or thought; but the inner heart, whose workings were mysterious even to yourself, remained impregnable. - P138


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During the month that he had known her the nature of his desire for her had changed. (At the beginning) there had been little true sensuality in it. Their first love-making had been simply an act of the will. But after the second time it was different.
The smell of her hair, the taste of her mouth, the feeling ofher skin seemed to have got inside him, or into the air all round him. She had become a physical necessity, something that he not only wanted but felt that he had a right to. - P115

"It‘s all Inner Party stuff. There‘s nothing those swine don‘t have, nothing. - P117

What he had actually expected was to see her naked. But she was not naked. The transformation that had happened was much more surprising than that. She had painted her face. - P118

With just a few dabs of color in the right places she had become not only very much prettier, but, above all, far more feminine. - P118

In this room I‘m going to be a woman, not a Party comrade." - P118

"Don‘t go on!" said Winston, with his eyes tightly shut.
"Dearest! You‘ve gone quite pale. What‘s the matter?
Do they make you feel sick?"
"Of all horrors in the world-a rat!" - P120

She brought the glass paperweight over to the bed to have a look at it in a better light. He took it out ofher hand, fascinated as always by the soft, rainwatery appearance of the glass.
"What is it, do you think?" said Julia.
"I don‘t think it‘s anything-I mean, I don‘t think it was ever put to any use. That‘s what I like about it. It‘s a little chunk of history that they‘ve forgotten to alter. It‘s a message from a hundred years ago, if one knew how to read it.‘ - P121

The room was darkening. He turned over toward the light and lay gazing into the glass paperweight. The inexhaustibly interesting thing was not the fragment of coral but the interior of the glass itself. There was such a depth of it, and yet it was almost as transparent as air. - P122

He had the feeling that he could get inside it, and that in fact he was inside it, along with the mahogany bed and the gateleg table and the clock and the steel engraying and the paperweight itself. The paperweight was the room he was in, and the coral was Julia‘s life and his own, fixed in a sort of eternity at the heart of the crystal. - P122

The room was a world, a pocket of the past where extinct animals could walk. Mr. Charrington, thought Winston, was another extinct animal. - P125

History has stopped. Nothing exists except an endless present in which the Party is always right. I know, of course, that the past is falsified, but it would never be possible for me to prove it, even when I did the falsification myself. After the thing is done, no evidence ever remains. The only evidence is inside my own mind, and I don‘t know with any certainty that any other human being shares my memories. Just in that one instance, in my whole life, I did possess actual concrete evidence after the event-years after it. - P128

"I‘m not interested in the next generation, dear. I‘m interested in us."
"You‘re only a rebel from the waist downwards," he told her.
She thought this brilliantly witty and flung her arms round him in delight. - P129

Talking to her, he realized how easy it was to present an appearance of orthodoxy while having no grasp whatever of what orthodoxy meant. In a way, the world-view of the Party imposed itself most successfully on people incapable of understanding it. They could be made to accept the most flagrant violations of reality, because they never fully grasped the enormity of what was demanded of them, and were not sufficiently interested in public events to notice what was happening. By lack of understanding they remained sane. They simply swallowed everything, and what they swallowed did them no harm, because it left no residue behind, just as a grain of corn will pass undigested through the body of a bird. - P129


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신념이 확고한 사람을 설득하는 일은 매우 어렵다.
당신이 동의하지 않으면 그는 마음을 닫아버리고,
사실과 증거를 들이대면 출처를 의심하며,
논리로 호소하면 논점을 오해한다.
● 레온 페스팅거(Leon Festinger), 《예언이 끝났을 때》(1956)

그가 속았다는 사실을 납득시키는 것보다 그를 속이는 일이 더 쉽다.
● 마크 트웨인(Mark Twain, 그의 발언으로 알려져 있음)

- <지구가 평평하다고 믿는 사람과 즐겁고 생산적인 대화를 나누는 법>, 리 매킨타이어 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179620483 - P7

고백건대, 2018 평평한 지구 국제 학회(Flat Earth International Conference) 등록 테이블에서 흰 가운을 입고 미소로 참석자들을 응대하는 젊은 여성에게서 출입증을 건네받아 목에 거는 순간 잠시 멈칫했다. 혹시라도 누군가 아는 체할까 걱정되었고 그가 사진을 찍지나 않을까 우려되었다. 하지만 다시 생각해보니 그럴 가능성은 없잖은가? 나는 지난 15년 동안 연구실만을 오가며 과학 부정론(science denier)을 연구한 사람이다. 플란넬 셔츠와 배지를 착용한 나는 그들의 일원으로 전혀 손색이 없어 보였다. 그 복장은 앞으로 스물네 시간 이상 잠복할 한 과학철학자에게 유용한 ‘투명 망토’가 되어줄 터였다.

그리고 스물네 시간이 지난 이후에는 상황을 보고 적절히 처신할 생각이었다…. - <지구가 평평하다고 믿는 사람과 즐겁고 생산적인 대화를 나누는 법>, 리 매킨타이어 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179620483 - P10

이전 책 《포스트트루스》에서 나는 지금의 세상이 사실(facts)과 현실(reality)마저 누군가에 의해 조종당하는 ‘탈진실(post-truth)’의 시대가 아닌지, 그렇다면 그러한 세상의 종국은 어떠한지에 대한 답을 찾고자 했다.1 내가 알게 된 것은 ‘현실 부정’이라는 현상의 뿌리가 ‘과학 부정’이라는 근원으로 연결되어 있다는 사실이다. - <지구가 평평하다고 믿는 사람과 즐겁고 생산적인 대화를 나누는 법>, 리 매킨타이어 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179620483 - P11

연구에서는 두 가지 접근법을 사용했다. 첫 번째는 어떤 사실을 불신하는 이들에게 전문가가 과학적인 사실을 알려주는 내용 반박(content rebuttal) 접근법으로, 제대로 실행되는 경우 매우 효과가 컸다. 두 번째는 기술 반박(technique rebuttal) 접근법인데 과학 부정론자들이 예외 없이 다섯 가지 일반 논증(reasoning)의 오류를 범한다는 가설을 바탕으로 정립한, 비교적 널리 알려지지 않은 방법이다. 놀라운 사실은 두 접근법이 거의 동등한 효과를 보였다는 점이다. 두 접근법은 병행하여 사용해도 부작용이 없으니 필요하면 누구나 어느 쪽이든 활용하여 과학 부정론자들과 대화할 수 있다! - <지구가 평평하다고 믿는 사람과 즐겁고 생산적인 대화를 나누는 법>, 리 매킨타이어 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179620483 - P15

그들의 주장에 담긴 공통 오류들에 일단 익숙해지기만 하면 된다. 예를 들어 음모론에 집착하고, 논거를 수집하는 과정에서 체리피킹(cherry-picking, 좋은 대상만을 선별하는 행위—옮긴이)의 습성을 보이고, 가짜 전문가들에 의존하고, 과학에 대해 불가능한 기대치를 주문하는가 하면, 비논리적인 사고를 고수하는 행태들 말이다. - <지구가 평평하다고 믿는 사람과 즐겁고 생산적인 대화를 나누는 법>, 리 매킨타이어 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179620483 - P15

내가 경험을 통해 배운 것은 이러하다. 첫째, 소통하기 위해서는 감정을 배제해야 한다. 둘째, 토론하되 공격하지는 말아야 한다. 감정에 호소하거나 히틀러 연관 짓기(reductio ad hitlerum, 예를 들어 히틀러도 채식주의자였다며 채식주의를 폄훼하는 일—옮긴이)는 금물이다. 셋째, 상대의 말을 주의 깊게 듣고 그의 입장을 정확히 이해해야 한다. 넷째, 존중하는 태도를 보여야 한다. 다섯째, 상대방이 그런 의견을 가지게 된 배경을 충분히 이해해야 한다. 여섯째, 사실관계의 변화를 받아들이는 것이 세계관의 변화를 의미하는 것이 아니라는 사실을 이해시켜야 한다.14 - <지구가 평평하다고 믿는 사람과 즐겁고 생산적인 대화를 나누는 법>, 리 매킨타이어 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179620483 - P18


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청춘이 지나고 나서야 깨달았다. 나보다 깊고 넓다고 생각했던 A 또한 나와 똑같이 청춘의 허세를 부렸을 뿐이라는 걸. 청춘은 허세다. 그러니까 청춘이지. 스무 살 언저리의 A는 인생도 문학도 독고다이, 쓸쓸하게 홀로 감당해야 하는 것, 그런 찬란하게 유치한 마음으로 홀로 걷고 홀로 마셨던 것이다. - <마시지 않을 수 없는 밤이니까요>, 정지아 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179622896 - P161

그렇다. 다정한 사람은 누구에게나 다정하다. 불행히도 혹은 공평하게도 다정한 사람은 다정하지 않은 사람보다 외로움을 잘 못 견디는 경우가 많다. 다정하니까. 마음이 말랑말랑하니까. - <마시지 않을 수 없는 밤이니까요>, 정지아 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179622896 - P164

그들과 우리는, 그러니까 그냥 우리는, 그날 알코올의 힘을 빌려 자신의 내면으로 침잠하거나 잠시 우주의 일부가 되는 경이를 경험했다. 새로운 별들이 떠오르고, 달이 초원을 가로질러 달리고, 술이 천천히 우리의 혈관을 데우고, 모닥불은 사위고, 그렇게 초원의 밤이 깊어갔다. - <마시지 않을 수 없는 밤이니까요>, 정지아 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179622896 - P173

그래서 싫은 사람들을 피해 좋아하는 사람들 서너 명과 남몰래 허름한 술집에서 간첩 접선하듯 만나 술을 마셨다. 관계는 폐쇄적으로, 위스키는 공격적으로! - <마시지 않을 수 없는 밤이니까요>, 정지아 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179622896 - P212

여기서 그만이어도 좋고 쭈욱 가도 좋다. 주변에 내가 사랑하는 친구들과 술만 있어도 족하다. 술이 핏속으로 스며들 듯 서로가 서로에게 스며든 지난 10년, 이제 우리는 친구다. - <마시지 않을 수 없는 밤이니까요>, 정지아 - 밀리의 서재
https://www.millie.co.kr/v3/bookDetail/179622896 - P226


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